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Hypnosis In History
Goal-directed fantasy, hypnotic susceptibility, and expectancies.
We conducted an initial screening session in which hypnosis was presented as a "test of imagination" and administered with other imagination measures. In a second session, we instructed high- and low-hypnotizable subjects to imagine along with suggestions but to resist responding to motoric suggestions. Subjects received either instructions to use goal-directed fantasies (GDFs) or no facilitative instructions. Sizable individual difference effects were secured. Hypnotizable subjects exhibited more suggestion-related movements and reported greater involuntariness than did low-hypnotizable subjects. With GDF instructions, low- and high-hypnotizable subjects reported equivalent GDF absorption and frequencies. However, hypnotizable subjects exhibited greater responsiveness and reported greater involuntariness than did those low in hypnotizability, even when their GDFs were equivalent. Thus, no support was generated for the hypotheses that sustained, elaborated suggestion-related imagery mediates response to suggestion (Arnold, 1946) or that absorption in suggestions is of particular importance for low-hypnotizable subjects (Zamansky & Clark, 1986). Our finding that measures of response expectancy paralelled responding and reports of nonvolition support the hypothesis that expectancies mediate the relation between imagination, involuntariness, and responding (Kirsch, 1985; Spanos, 1982). Hypnotizable imagining subjects in the study discussed here exhibited greater responsiveness than a comparable sample of subjects did in a previous countersuggestion study (Lynn, Nash, Rhue, Frauman, & Stanley, 1983) in which no attempt was made to foster an association between imagining and involuntary responding in the initial screening session.
During my military career and while living in the southeast United States frequently I have come upon people who are addicted to dipping snuff or having a piece of chewing tobacco in their mouths. It seems to have become a habit that is encouraged in certain cultures. While there are some that are proud of their habit and feel that the little circle that a tobacco can makes in the back pocket of their jeans is a status symbol, still most people find the habit rather disgusting. Even many addicted users admit this as well.
Unlike smokers, those that chew or sniff tobacco products...
When your mind and body are relaxing, they are repairing. The largest part of our nervous system, which runs without your conscious awareness, has two modes. When you are in a deep state of relaxation, you are experiencing what is known as a parasympathetic response. This means that your digestion system and other major life-sustaining organs are fully functioning and your immune system is working at its best. The opposite state is called a sympathetic response. Typically those systems and organs that were operating at their best in the parasympathetic mode are now taking a subordinate role...
Weight loss is probably one of the most difficult challenges faced by way too many people around the world. Being obese or over weight as defined by an excessive Body Mass Index (BMI) is a symptom of excessive calorie intake versus inadequate motivation.
Unlike bad habits such as smoking and nail biting, eating is something that a person cannot live without. They cannot “kick the habit” and get thin. So, the trick is finding the right balance between eating and calorie burning.
On the other hand, the quality of a person’s nutrition is also very important. It is not all about calorie...
